Zhafran typing about random stuff

Zhafran talking about Random stuff.

Zhafran talking about Football.

Today I'll be talking about the football/soccer World Cup, precisely when Saudi Arabia shocked the world against Argentina. You might wonder how Saudi Arabia shocked the world and defeated Argentina. 2 – 1. The Saudis effectively used Argentina's main strength against them. The South American side is known for its aggressive offensive play, with players adept at piercing through the back line with quick passes. Saudi Arabia took a risk by pushing up the pitch, leaving itself somewhat vulnerable.

 

Zhafran Will now be talking about the toys he likes:

He will be talking about the Beyblade toy, its use, and how unique different types of Beyblades are.

What is Beyblade?

Beyblade is a toy you can play with friends you can also play with lots of people and you can also do kind of like competitions at home with friends or family or compete in real competitions and win prizes.

What material does Beyblade use?

Beyblade mainly use plastic but other types of Beyblade uses metal and it can also be metal and plastic combiner.

What different types of Beyblades are there?

There are lots of types of Beyblades that have unique set powers that can help you when you play Beyblade against your friends and family.

How do you use Beyblades?

You could use Beyblades in different types of ways like you could use your hand or you can use the official ray by using launchers from Beyblades to use with the Beyblades.

How do you play with Beyblades?

You use Beyblades by using launchers and launching the Beyblades with the launchers grip.

How Expensive are Beyblades?

It depends what type of Beyblade you're getting but the average price for a Beyblade is 200,000 rupiah or 13 dollars.

What do you need to play Beyblade?

You first of course need Beyblade and then you also need a launcher that probably comes along with the Beyblade and then lastly you need a stadium for the Beyblade to play with your friends and also maybe your family.

 

Zhafran talking about big cats and small cats

There are lots of types of launchers and there's launchers with grips that you need to put and there's launchers where you don't need to put in the grips and the grip is already on there for you so you can do it at anytime.

 now  I will be talking about the biggest cat in the world

  the biggest cat in the world is maybe fat or maybe the cat has lot of fur

The biggest cat in the world would probably squish you if the cat  lands on you

  if he was your pet you'll probably have to right away carry him if he wants to get somewhere

 

 

 now i'll be talking about the smallest cat in the world sorry i meant kitten

The smallest cat in the world is so small you could probably fit him in your hand sorry i meant kitten

The smallest kitten in the world will probably feel like  plushy you when you're holding him

What is the difference between the smallest kitten in the world and the biggest cat in the world?

The smallest kitten in the world it's really small and the biggest cat in the world is really  big

The biggest cat in the world  would probably  squash you if he was on you

 The biggest cat in the world would probably squish  the kitten  because the worlds biggest cat  didn't see the worlds smallest kitten

 the biggest cat in the would would probably feel like a tank  if he was on you  while

The smallest kitten in the world  would probably feel like a plushy alive on you

The biggest cat in the world  would  probably get in your way when you're trying to get somewhere so you have to jump over the cat

The Smallest kitten in the world  you would probably not see trying to get somewhere   so you can get anywhere without the kitten getting  in your way so you can go anywhere at any time without any interuption                            

 

Zhafran talking about what he did today

Tuesday:

now Today I'll be talking about what I did today first thing I did was that my mom woke up me up and we sholat subuh and then I go back to sleep and  then i wake up again and then  take a shower  and then put on my clothes  watch some youtube and then do class and today i learned about bahasa indonesia and then finish class and then watch on youtube again and then go to the mosque and then go back home and then i play and today I want to a football store for football  shoes and then we got into the football store and then   i tried many football shoes until i found the best one for me And  then I found the best football shoe for me and there are three colors blue green and red and unfortunately blue-green are sold out so they're was only red left in shock so I decided to just red so i got red and we bought the shoes for really cheap for just 100,000 rupiah and then we got back to our car with the shoes in a box which was put inside of a plastic bag And then Mama took a different path to see is there another way to get into the football field And she found another way to get to the football field and was bit long to get to that area or that different pathway to the football field and then we drive back home and then I opened the gate and then closed it, got back home, I ran inside as fast I could then I went onto my laptop and I turned it on and started playing a bit of roblox of arsenal and then I played FIFA Mobile for a bit too and then  ohsome stuff like played some fifa mobile then after that it was already time to go and sholat isha and then I did everything again and after that i watched some TikTok again play some FIFA mobile again and i watched some more TikTok and then it was time for us to go to sleep because it was already 9 and then we went to the bathroom we brushed our teeth and then wudhu and drink some water and finally went to bed I said goodnight and the end.

 

Wednesday:

For yesterday what I did first is my mom woke me up for sholat then i go to the bathroom and then I wudhu after that I went to the living room to sholat subuh and then after we finished sholating we all went back to the bedroom then went back to sleep .then i wake up i go to the bathroom and then i  brush my teeth and then took a shower and then i put on my clothes on and then i put my towel on the outside drying towel thing and then I go sholat duha and then  I go get a bowl and then put it on the table and then I take out the cereal out of the fridge and then I put it in the cereal in the bowl and then I got the milk out of the  fridge  and then put the milk in the bowl of cereal and then I got a spoon from the kitchen and put it in the bowl of cereal and then i put the cereal back in the fridge and the milk back in the fridge and then I eat the cereal and then after I finish eating my cereal I went to the kitchen I put my bowl in the sink and then I wash it with soap and water and then I opened the shelf and then I put my bowl in it and then I closed the shelf and then I watched some TikTok and youtube and then I started to play a bit of  FIFA mobile and then it was time to sholat duhur so the first thing I went to the bathroom and would wudhu and then I go outside and put on my sandals and then I opened the gate and then close the gate and left and ran all the way to the masjid to sholat duhur over there and then we waited there for 3 mintues and then sholat then went back home and after that I started to watch some TikTok and YouTube play some more games. Like FIFA Mobile and then i was hot so I decided to go to the bedroom and then I turn on the air conditioner or AC and then i go watch TikTok and youtube in the bedroom with the air conditioner on I watch TikTok until it was around 2:00 pm on the clock because it was the day that I go to the football training and then it was 2:00 PM so I got ready and I got my mask on the table and then I put on my mask and then my I put on my socks and then I put on my shoes and then my mom start up the car and then I go to the gate and I open it and when the car gets out of the house I close back the gate and then i opened the car door get inside the car and then i close the car door right and then we drive to the football field and then we get to the football field and then when we did got there at the football field. the coach was not there so we have to wait until the coach arrive and I was a bit bored so I watched the YouTube on my mom's phone and after watching YouTube the coach finally arrived and then I saw him and then I got on the football field and then i did  some training  and then we did a football  match with the other kids and then when after we're done with the football match we go back to the car and  then we drive back home and when we arrive to our home I got out of the car and I opened the gate and then when the car gets in the house i closed the gate and then I go take off my shoes and also my socks and then my mom gets my towel and i go to take a shower and then when I'm done with my shower i put on my clothes and after i put on my clothes i put my towel on the towel racket and then after I put my towel on the racket and then it was time to go and sholat asar and after I sholat asar I watch some TIKTOK and some FIFA Mobile and and I watch TIKTOK let's go and tell it was time for my group so I go to the bathroom and then I would do and then I go back to the living room and then I go so let Margaret. And then after I sholat  Magrhib and I  learn my Surah Al-quraisy then after i learned the Surah Al-quraisy I'll go back to watching TIKTOK and YouTube and play some FIFA mobile and now it was time to eat some dinner because I was really hungry. So we all ate and then after I eat I have to go and wash my dish so I put my dish in the sink and I wash it with soap and water and then i put my dish In the racket and then after i watch some tiktok  and play a bit of FIFA mobile and then I sholat Isha so I went to the bathroom and then after that I went to the living room and sholat Isha. After I finish sholating Isha I decided to go back watching some TikTok and  then mom come up to me and say to brush my teeth and then go to sleep. So then I stopped watching tiktok and went to the bathroom and brushed my teeth and wudhu. After that I went to get some water with my brother. Then after that we went to the bedroom and said goodnight to everyone and then went to sleep.

 

Friday:

Now it is the next day. I did the same morning routine like last time

Now the same thing I did my mom woke me up and then I wudhu and sholated shubuh in the living room and then we all went back to sleep after that. Then now my mom woke me up again. Then I went and took a shower brushed my teeth and did the regular routine. I put on my clothes then after that I put my towel on the rack outside. Went to the living room to go eat some breakfast. Then right after I finished eating my breakfast now it was time to clean my bowl and to do class and The first class I had was with mas heri. After I did the class I was supposed to do another class with Nur but because she couldn’t do it I finished school after Mas heri. After that I sholat duha so i first go to the bathroom to wudhu and then I go to the living room and when I get to the living room I sholat duha and then after I sholat duha I shut down my laptop and I watch TikTok on the phone and then I wait until it's time for duhur and then it's  time for duhur so I go to the bathroom and I wudhu and then I go outside put on my sandals and then i opened the gate and then I go run to the mospue and when I reach the mosque  can you take off my sandals and then i go inside  and then I sholat inside the mosque and then after I sholat asar  and then I go back outside OK and I put on my sandal and then I run back to my house and then when I get to my house I close the  gate and then i go to the porch of the house and then I take off my sandal then I go into that house and then I go to the bathroom to clean my feet and then after I cleaned my feet and then I go to the living room and  then I  get phone and i watch TikTok on the phone. And after I finished watching tik tok at 1 30 pm because i have music class and then  it was 1 30 pm so So I decided to get my bass and after that I went outside opened up the gate for the car and then hop inside. After we arriveed to the music area I had to go to my class which is upstair to do guitar. So then we did some lessons and did a song too and after we finished I had to pack up everything so I got my book, my bass inside my bag. Once I was done packing up, I went downstair to my moms car and then got inside of the car and started driving back home, but while I was going back home I decided to listen to some music The music I decided to pick was from twenty-one pilots and the music was called stressed out. Once I reached home I decided to go watch some more tik toks and then played some fifa mobile and other games. Went onto my laptop and played some of my laptop games and then sholat asr with my brothers and mom so I went to the bathroom and wudhu and sholat with them. And after we finished sholating we all played some games and after that I played some Fifa games and Football games on roblox. Then it was magrihb. Same thing I went to the bathroom wudhu and sholated. Then not long after it was Isha. So I didn’t fart or peed so I didn’t have to go to the bathroom to wudhu. So we just sholat and after that I watched some videos and played. And now it was time for us to go to sleep. So I went to the bathroom with my brothers and we all brushed our teeth together and watched some tiktoks too while we were brushing our teeth then wudhu and turned off our laptops, the light and our phone too. We all went to the bedroom got our blankets, and then said goodnight and went to sleep. And the end.

Zhafran talking about turtles and tortoises

The tortoise are a land species and look very similar to the turtle so you might think that they have the same abilities as a turtle. But you're wrong  tortoise are actually a land species or animal because if a tortoise wants go to the water it will  drown because it can't swim like a turtle. So that is why the tortoise is not the same as turtle. The turtle is a water animal and land animal while the tortoise isn’t. Now we'll be talking about the size of the turtles and also tortoises too. So right now we'll be talking about the tortoise size and you can see the picture below the tortoise is really big.

 

And then the turtle picture is just right below this text. As you can see they look very similar but the tortoise one looks much more  bigger than the turtle. The turtle loves swimming in the ocean.

Zhafran is now finished talking about turtles and tortoise and now instead going to be talking about football legends like Pele and more.

Zhafran talking about football.

We will be talking about legends in football. Namely, the first one is about a person who won the world cup many times. His full name is “ Edson Arantes do Nascimento “; he is better known by his nickname Pele. He was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a forward and was regarded as one of the greatest players of all time and labelled the greatest by FIFA. He was among the most successful and popular sports figures of the 20^th century. In 1999, he was named athlete of the country by the International Olympic Committee, and he was also included in the timeless of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century in 2000. Pele was also voted the Player of the Century by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( lFFHS ). After that, he was one of the two joint winners of the FIFA Player of the Century. Pele also holds a Guinness world record in which he scored a whopping 1,279 goals in 1,363 games, including his friendly ones.

Pele soon began playing for Santos at 15 and Brazil national team at 16 during his national career and he won three FIFA World Cup 1958 1962 and 1970. The only person to do so he was nickname o Rei  or translated the king following the 1958 tournament pele is the joint top goal score for Brazil with 77 goals in 92 games at the club level here Santos all-time top scorer with 643 goals in 659 games in a golden era for Santos he led the club to the 1962 and 1963 Copa Liberatores and to the to the 1962 and 1963 intercontinental cup. How did connecting the phrase of the beautiful game with football pele electrifying play and penchant for spectacular goals made him a star around the world and his team's toured internationally to take full advantage of his popularity during his playing days pele was for a period the best paid athlete in the road after retiring in 1977 pele was a worldwide ambassador  for football and made many acting and commercials ventures in 2010 he was name the honorary president of the New York cosmos averaging almost a goal per game throughout his career pele  was adept at striking the ball with either foot in addition to participating his opponent’s move on the field while predominantly a striker he could also drop deep and take on a playmaking role providing assists with his vision and passing ability and he would also use his dribbling skills to go past opponents and below he was hauled as a national hero for his accomplishments and football and for his outspoken support of policies that improve the social conditions of the poor at his emerged at the 1958 world cup where he becomes a black global sporting * was a source of inspiration throughout his career and in his retirement pele perceive numerous individuals and team rewards for his performance on the field his record-breaking achievements and his legacy in the sport now I'll be talking about Pele early years pele was born Edson Arantes do Nascimento on 23 October 1940 in tres coracoes minas Gerais the son of Fluminense footballer dondinho born joao ramos do nascimento and celeste arantes he was the elder of two siblings with brother zoca where are you also playing for santos albeit not as successfully he was name after the American inventor Thomas Edison  his parents decided to  remove the i and call him edison but there was a typo on his birth certificate meeting many documents to show his name as edson  not edson as he was told he was originally nickname dico by his family he received the nickname pele during his school days when it is  claim he was given it because of his pronunciation that all the name of his favourite player local vasoc da gama  goalkeeper bile Lech he misspoke but the more he complained  the more it stuck in his autobiographical pele stated he had no idea what the name means nor did his old friends apart from the assertion that the name is derived from that of bile the word that has no meaning in Portuguese pele grew up in poverty in bauru in the state of Sao Paulo he earned extra money by working anti shops as a servant taught to play by his father he could not afford a proper football and usually played with either a cock stuffed with newspaper and tied with string or a grapefruit he played for several amateur teams in his youth including sete de setembro canto do Rio Sao paulo state youth championship in his mid-teens he played for an indoors football team called Radium  indoor football had just become popular in Bauru when pele began playing it he was part of the first futsal indoor football competition in the region pele and his team won the first championship and several others according to pele futsal indoor football presented difficult challenges he said it was a lot quicker than football  on the grass and that player was required to think faster because everyone is close to each other in the pitch pele credit futsal for helping him think better on the spot in addition futsal allow him to play what adults when he was about 14 years old in one of the tournaments he participated In he was initially considered too young to play but eventually when on to end up top scorer with 14 or 15 goals that gave me a lot of confidence pele said I knew that not to be afraid of whatever might come now I’ll be talking about pele club career Santos 1956- 1962 early years with Santos declared a national treasure in 1956 de Brito took pele to Santos an industrial and port city located near Sao paulo to try out for professional club Santos fc telling the club director that the 15 year old will be the greatest football player in the world pele impressed Santos coach Lula during his trial at the Estadio Vila belmiro and he signed a professional contract with the club in June 1956 pele was highly promoted in the local media as a future star he made his senior team the debut on 7   of December 1956 at the age of 15 against Corinthians de Santo andre and  had an impressive performance in a 7 1 victory scoring the first goal in his Prolific career during the match when the 1957 season started pele what's given a starting position in the first team and at the age of 16 became the top scorer in the league 10 months after signing professionally the teenager was called up to the Brazil national team after the 1958 and the 1962 world cup wealthy European clubs such as Real Madrid Juventus and Manchester united tried to sign him in vain in 1958 inter milan even manage to get him a regular contract but Angelo Moretti was forced to tear the contract up at the request of Santos chairman following a revolt by Santos Brazilian fans Valencia cf also. Arranging an agreement that Would have brought. Pele to the club. After the 1958 World Cup, however, after his performance at the tournament. Santos decline to let the player leave. In 1961, the Government of Brazil under the President. Janio Quadro declared. Pele is an official. A national treasure to prevent him from being transferred out of the country Pele won his first major title with Santos in 1958 as the team won the Campeonato Paulista He would finish the tournament as the top scorer with 58 goals. A record that will still stand today. A year later, he'll help the team earn their first victory in the tormeio Rio sao paulo with a 3-0 over. Vasco da gama, however. Santos was unstable. To retain the. Paulista title in 1960. Pele scored 33 goals to help his team regain the. Campeonato Paulista trophy the lost out on. the Rio-Sao Paulo title in 1960 after finishing at eighth place.  In the 1960 season pele goals and helped. Santos rregainedthe Campeonato paulista the club went on to win the. Taca Brazill that same year, beating. Bahia in, the finals pele finished as the tournament’s top scorer with nine goals. The victory allowed Santos. To participate. In the. Copa Libertadores the most prestigious club tournament.   in the western hemisphere. Santos most successful copa season started in 1962. The team was. seeded In Group 1 alongside. Cerro porteno and Deportivo municipal bolivia winning every match of their group but one. A 1-1 away tie versus. Cerro Santos defeated. Universidad catolica in the semi finals an met defending champions. penarol in the finals. pele scored twice in the play of match to secure the first title for a Brazilian club. pele finished as the second top second scorer of the competition with four goals that same year. Santos would successfully defend the Campeonato paulista with 37 goals from. Pele and the taca brasil pele scoring four goals in the final series against. botafogo Santos would also win the 1962. Intercontinenta cup against. benfica wearing his number 10 shirt. pele produced one of the best performance of his career, scoring a hat trick in Lisbon on Santos won 5-2 pele stated that his most memorable goals was scored at. The estadio rua Javari on a Campeonato paulista match against. Sao Paulo rival clube atletico Juventus on 2 August. 1959. As there is no video footage of this match. pele ask that a computer animation be made of this specific goal in March 1961. pele scored the. gol de placa goal worthy of a plaque against. l at the maracana pele received the ball on the edge of his own penalty area. And ran the. length of the field eluding opposition players with feints before striking  beyond the keeper a plaque commission with a dedication to the most beautiful goals in the history of the maracana as the defending champions  Santos, qualified automatically  to the semi finals. Stage. Of the 1963 copa libertadores the bale branco white ballet the nickname given to Santos at the time. Managed to retain the title after victorious over. Botafogo and boca juniors pele help Santos overcome a. botafogo team.

Zhafran will now be talking about 4 different species of Cheetah’s:

But first I will be talking about some facts about cheetahs:

Short Cheetah’s Facts

1) Nearly all of the wild cheetahs can be found in the sub Sharan part of Africa, where they mostly roam openly, in the grassy savannah  plains and open forests. A small population of cheetahs live in the north eastern of Iran, although only a few dozen remains there.

2) Cheetah’s bodies are able to grow between 1.1 metres to 1.4 metres long, also the tail measuring 65 cm to 80 cm. The cheetahs can weigh from 34 kg to 54 kg but that’s for females, while for males they are slightly more heavier.

3) Cheetah’s have a pale yellow coat with black dots on their upper parts, and their underbelly in white. Their face is usually distinguished by prominent, black lines that curve from the inner corner of each to the outer corners of the mouth.

4) Cheetah’s are the fastest land animal in the world, cheetahs are able to reach 112 km/h ( 69 mph ) in just three seconds – just for an example, that’s faster than a sports car acceleration ( Sports car top speed are way higher than cheetahs but based on acceleration cheetahs win ). It’s cheetah’s body has evolved over time for speed, with its long legs, an elongated spine, adapted claws to grip on the ground and a long tail for balance.

5) Cheetahs are carnivores that lives off on other animals that they find on Africa’s plains.

Example: rabbits, warthogs, springboks, gazelles, and birds.

6) These fierce felines hunt during the day to avoid any other competition from the other powerful predators around the areas such as lions, hyenas, and leopards. And it’s crazy how they hunt. They first use their exceptional eyesight to be able to scan their surroundings before they sneak up on their chosen prey. And when the time is right, they sprint to the victim and kills them by biting on their throat.

7) Although cheetahs can run at high speeds up to 112 kph, they are only limited to run 200 – 300 metres / under a minute before they get tired again.

8) Cheetah’s are social animals, cheetah’s are usually found in groups, which consists the mother and her cubs ( which stay together for around six months after leaving the mother ) or a coalition of males who  live and hunt together. Adult females, however, tend to be solitary and only meet with males to mate.

9) Females usually give birth to between two to eight cubs at a time. She likes to take of her cubs in a hidden area by tall grass, until they are 16 to 24 months.

10) Cheetahs are endangered. Cheetahs are threatened by the loss of habitat and prey, as well as conflicts with the humans. As a result of these current going events, cheetahs are classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red list, and today there is an estimation of 9,000 to 12,000 cheetahs which remain in Africa.

Source: 10 top cheetah facts! - National Geographic Kids (natgeokids.com)

 

Starting with the Northwest African Cheetah / Saharan Cheetah

Northwest African Cheetah / Saharan Cheetah:

Firstly, the Northwest African cheetah Scientific name is Acinonyx jubatus hecki, which is also known as the “ Saharan cheetah “. This cheetah subspecies is native to the Sahara and Sahel. It is currently listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. 15 Years ago in 2008, it was suspected that there was less than 250 Saharan Cheetahs.

The Northwest African cheetah was described a German zoologist, Max Hilzheimer 110 years ago in 1913 under the scientific name Acinonyx hecki.

Taxonomy

Felis jubata senegalensis was described by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1843 and it was based on a cheetah found from Senegal. As this name was preoccupied, it is considered synonymous with A. j. hecki.

 

The Northwest African Cheetah Characteristics

The Northwest African cheetah is quite different in appearance from the other cheetahs. The Saharan cheetah’s coat is shorter and nearly white in colour, and there are some spots that fade from black over the spine to the light brown on the legs. The cheetahs face has a few or no black spots, and the tear stripes ( the dark stripes running from the medial canthus of each eye down the side of the muzzle to the corner of the mouth ) are often missing. The body shape is the same as the sub-Saharan cheetah, except that’s it is slightly smaller.

 

Distribution and habitat

The Northwest African cheetah ranges from the western and central Sahara and the Sahel in small, fragmented populations. Based on the data ranging from 2007 to 2012, the cheetah population in the West, Central and North Africa has been estimated at just 457 cheetahs in an area of 1,037,322 km² ( 400,512 square miles ). 238 of those cheetahs are distributed between Central African Republic and Chad, 191 cheetahs are in Algeria and Mali, and a small 25 cheetahs in the transboundary of W, Arli, and Pendjari protected area complex in Benin, Burkina Faso, and Niger.

In Niger, the population are at the Tenere desert which is the northern part of Niger and in the southern savanna region of W National Park. Records have been done since the 1970’s in Togo. The Sharan cheetah is thought to be a regionally extinct in Morocco, Western Sahara, Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Cote d’Ivorire and Ghana. In 2010, a cheetah was photographed in Niger’s Termit Massif by a camera trap

While in Mali, the cheetahs were sighted in Adrar des Ifoghas and in the Kidal Region during the 1990’s.

While for the north Province of Cameroon, there has been no sightings of the Northwest African Cheetahs. They were doing a survey between January 2008 and May 2010.

During the time of August 2008 and November 2010, four animals were recorded by the camera traps which were set up in Ahaggar National Park located in the south central Algeria. Another single cheetah was once filmed again and photographed by the Algerians in 2010 in the same part in the Atakor volcanic field which peaks at a height of 3,000 metres ( 9,800 ft ).

 

Behaviour and ecology

In the Sahara Desert, the daytime temperature can exceed 40 Celsius ( 104 Fahrenheit ). Water is Scarce and rainfall. Two camera trapping surveys in the Ahaggar massif revealed that the cheetahs in the area exhibit several behavioural adaptation to the Sahara Desert Climate. The cheetahs are nocturnal animals and active between the sunset and the early mornings; they can travel larger distances and occur at a lower density than cheetahs living in the savannas.

The main prey of the Northwest African Cheetah are antelopes which have adapted to an arid environment such as. The Addax, Dorcas, gazelle, rhim gazelle, and dama gazelle. It also preys on smaller mammal. such as the hares Cheetahs can subsist without the direct access to water, obtaining water. indirectly from the blood of their prey.

Source: Northwest African cheetah - Wikipedia

The 2^nd type of Cheetah that Zhafran wants to talk about is the Asiatic Cheetah

Asiatic Cheetah

Now we will be talking about the Asiatic Cheetah. The Asiatic cheetah Acinonyx jubatus venaticus is a critically endangered cheetah subspecies currently only surviving in Iran. The Asiatic cheetah became extinct in lndia in 1948.

The cheetahs which were reintroduced in 2022 are the African subspecies the southeast African cheetah. It once occurred from the Arabian peninsula and the near east to the Caspian  region Transcaucasus Kyzylkum desert and northern south Asia but was extirpated in this region 20th century. The Asiatic cheetah diverged from the cheetah population in Africa between 32 000 and 67 000 years ago.

The Asiatic cheetah survives in the protected areas in the eastern central. Arid region of Iran where the human population density is very low between December 2011 and November. 2013 84. Individuals were sighted in 14 different protected areas and 82 individuals were identified from camera traps. photographs in December 2017 were fewer than 50 individuals were thought to be remaining in three. Subpopulations that are scattered over 140,000. Km ( 54,000 sq. mi )  in Iran’s central plateau. As of January 2022, the Iranian department of environment estimates that only 12 Asiatic cheetahs 9 males and 3 females are left in Iran in order to raise international awareness for the conservation of the Asiatic cheetah an illustration was used no the jerseys of the Iran national football team at the 2-14 FIFA World Cup.

 

Taxonomy

Felis venatica was proposed by Edward Griffith in 1821 and it was based on a sketch of a maneless cheetah which was found from India. Griffith’s description was published to the Le Regne Animal with the help of Griffith’s Assistant Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827.

Acinonyx raddei was proposed by Max Hilzheimer in 1913 for the cheetah population which was in the Central Asia, the Trans-Caspian cheetah. Hilzheimer’s type specimen which originates in Merv, Turkmenistan.

 

Evolution

Results of a five-year phylogeographic study on cheetah subspecies indicate that Asiatic and African cheetah populations separated between 32,00 and 67,000 years ago and are genetically distinct samples of 94 cheetahs for extracting. Mitochondrial DNA was collected in nine countries from the wild. Seized and captive. Individuals and from the museum specimen the population in Iran is considered autochthonous monophyletic and the last remaining representative of the Asiatic subspecies mitochondrial DNA fragments of an Indian and a southeast African cheetah museum specimen. Showed that they genetically diverged about 72,000 years ago.

 

Characteristics

The Asiatic cheetah has a buff to light fawn coloured fur that is more polar on the sides, on the front of its muzzle, below the cheetah eyes and inner legs. The cheetah have some black spots which are arranged in lines on the head and nape, but it is irregularly scatted on its body, legs, paws, and tail. They also have some black stripes on its tail tip. The cheetah’s coat and mane are shorter than a African cheetah subspecies. The head and body of an adult Asiatic cheetah can measure to around 112 cm to 135 cm ( 44 to 53 inch ) with a 66 cm to 84 cm ( 26 to 33 inch ) long tail. The Asiatic Cheetah can weigh from 34 kg up to 54 kg ( 75 lb to 119 lb ). They also exhibit sexual dimorphism; males are slightly larger than the females. In size, weight, length, etc…

You may already know this, but the cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world. It was also previously thought that the cheetah body temperature increases during a hunt due to its high metabolic activity. In a short period of time during a chase, a cheetah can / may produce up to 60 times more heat than at rest, with much of the heat produced from its glycolysis, which is stored to possibly raise its body temperature. The claim was supported by data analysis from experiments which were done. It contained two cheetahs running fast on a treadmill for minutes on end, but it contradicted by studies in natural settings, in which indicates that the body temperature stays relatively the same during a cheetah’s hunt. In 2013 a study was done, and it suggested that stress hyperthermia and a slight increase in body temperature after a hunt. The cheetah’s nervousness after a hunt may induce stress hyperthermia, which it involves high sympathetic nervous activity and raises the body temperature. After a hunt, the risk of another predator taking its kill is great, and the cheetah is also on high alert and pretty stressed. The increase sympathetic activity prepares the cheetah’s body to run when another predator find them and start to approach and attacks. In the 2013 study, even the cheetah that did not chase the prey experience an increase in body temperature once the prey was caught, showing increased sympathetic activity.

 

Distribution and habitat

The cheetah thrives in the open lands, like the small plains, semi desert areas, and other open habitats where prey are available for them to hunt down. The Asiatic cheetah mainly inhabits the desert areas around like Dasht-e Kavir in the eastern half of Iran, which also include parts of the Kerman, Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Yehran, and Markzai provinces. Most of them live in the five protected areas which are, viz Kavir National Park, Touran National Park, Bafq Protected Area, Dar-e Anjir Wildlife Refuge, and Naybandan Wildlife Reserve.

During the 1970’s time, the Asiatic cheetah population in Iran was estimated to be about 200 individuals in 11 protected areas. Soon later on it was the end of the 1990’s, and the population was estimated to be at 50 to 100 individuals which is 2x less up to 4x less than it was 20 years before. During its camera trapping surveys which was conducted across 18 protected areas between 2001 and 2012, a total of 82 individuals in 15 to 17 families were recorded and identified. Of these, only around six individuals were recorded for more than three years. During this period, 42 of the cheetahs had died due to poaching, in road accidents and also due to some natural causes. It’s population are fragmented and known to survive in the Semnan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Yazd, Esfahan, and Kerman Provinces.

During the summer 2018, a female cheetah and four cubs were sighted in the Touran Wildlife Refuge Iran’s Semnan province.

Former range

The Asiatic cheetah once ranged from the Arabian Peninsula and Near East to Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan to India. It is also considered as regionally extinct in all of its former range, with the only known surviving population being in Iran.

 (The image is pretty sad because it shows a person named “Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo shooting down the last 3 cheetahs in India in 1948.)

 

In Iraq, the Cheetah was still. In the desert West of. Basrah in 1926. The last record was. publish in 1991.

and it was a cheetah that had been killed by a car in the Sinai Peninsula a sighting of two cheetah was reported in 1946 in the Arabian. Peninsula it used to occur in the northern and south eastern fringes and had been reported in both Saudi Arabia and. Kuwait before, 1974 two cheetah were killed in the northern Saudi. Ha il region in 1973 in Yemen the last known cheetah was sighted in Wadi Mitan in 1963 near the international border with Oman. In Oman’s dhofar mountains a cheetah was shot near Jibjat in 1977

In Central Asia uncontrolled hunting of cheetahs and their prey severe winters and conversion of grassland to areas used for agriculture contributed to the population decline by the early 20^th century the range in central Asia had decreased significantly by the 1930s cheetahs were  confined to the ustyurt plateau and mangyshlak peninsula in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and to the foothills of the Kopet dag mountains and a region in the south of Turkmenistan bordering Iran and Afghanistan the last known sightings in the area were in 1957 between the tejen and Murghab rivers in July 1983 in the ustyurt plateau and in November 1984 in the Kopet Dag.

 

Officers of the badhyz  state nature reserve did not cheetah in this area until 2014 the border fence between Iran and Turkmenistan might impede dispersal.

The cheetah population which is in Afghanistan decreased to the extant that is has now been considered extinct ever since the 1950’s. Two skins were sighted at the market in the country, one in 1971 and another one was sighted in 2006, the latter reportedly from Samangan Province.

in India the cheetah occurred in Rajputana Punjab sind and south of the Ganges from Bengal to the northern part of the deccan plateau it was also present in the kaimur District Darrah and other desert regions of Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat and central India akbar the create was introduced to cheetahs around the mid-16^th century and used them for coursing blackbucks chinkaras and anteloes he allegedly possessed 1,000 cheetahs during his reign but this figure might be exaggerated since there is no evidence of housing facilities for many of the animals, nor of facilities to provide them with sufficient meat every day. Trapping of adult cheetahs, who had already learned some hunting skills from their wild mothers, for assisting in the royal hunts is said to be another major cause of the species rapid decline in India, as there has only been one record a litter ever born to captive animals. By the beginning of the 20^th century, the wild Asiatic sightings in India were super rare, so much so that between the year 1918 to 19945, the Indian princes decided to import cheetahs from Africa for coursing. Three of India’s last cheetahs were sadly shot down by the Maharajah of Surguja in 1948. A female was sighted in 1951 in Koriya district, North Western of Chhattisgarh.

 

Ecology and Behaviour

Most of the sightings of cheetahs in the Miandasht Wildlife Refuge between January 2003 and March 2006 occurred during the day time and not night and also near the watercourses. These observations suggested that they are mostly active when their prey is active.

Soon later in between 2009 to 2011 camera trapping data was able to obtain some data which shows that some of the cheetahs like to travel long distances. A female was recorded by the camera trapping in two protected areas that are around 150 km / 93 mi apart and intersected by railway and two highways. Her three male siblings and a different adult male were recorded in three difference reserves, which may indicate that they have a large home range.

 

Diet

The Asiatic cheetah preys on the medium sized herbivore animals. Examples: chinkara, goitered gazelle, wild sheep, wild goat, and cape hare. In Khar Turan National Park, cheetahs use a wide range of different habitats, but they prefer the areas which are close to water sources. This habitat overlaps to about 61% with wild sheep, 36% with onager, and then 30% with gazelle.

In India, prey was formerly abundant. But before the cheetah became extinct in India, the cheetah fed on animals like the blackbuck, the chinkara, and sometimes the chital and nilgai.

 

Reproduction

There have been evidence which shows that females successfully raising their cubs are veery rare. A few observations were made in Iran which indicates that they give birth throughout the year to around one to four cubs. In April 2003, they found that there were 4 cubs inside a den had still closed eyes. In November 2004, a cub was recorded by a camera trap that was about 6 to 8 months old. Breeding success will also depends on the availability of prey around the area. In October 2013, a female with four cubs were filmed in the Kar Turan National Park. A year later at December 2014, four cheetahs were sighted and photographed by the camera traps in the same national park. In January 2015, three other adult Asiatic cheetahs and a female with her cub were sighted in Miandasht Wildlife Refuge. Eleven different cheetahs were also sighted at the time, and another four month later. In July 2015, five adult cheetahs and three cubs were spotted in Khar Turan National Park.

 

Today Zhafran wants to write/talk about Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria, they first appeared during the Triassic period between 245 and  233.23 million years ago ( mya ). Although, the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is a subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after the Triassic Jurassic extinction event 2013 mya and their dominance continued throughout the Jurassic and cretaceous periods. The fossil record shows that birds are feathered dinosaurs having evolved from earlier theropods during the late Jurassic epoch and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the cretaceous Paleogene extinction event approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into avian dinosaurs’ birds and the extinct non avian dinosaurs which are all dinosaurs other than birds.

Dinosaurs are varied from taxonomic morphological and ecological standpoints. Birds at over 10,700 living species are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates. Using the fossil evidence palaeontologists have identified over 900 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both extant species birds and fossil remains. Though the first half of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to been sluggish and cold blooded. Most research were conducted since 1970’s, however, has indicated that dinosaurs were active animals with elevated metabolisms and numerous adaptations for social interaction. Some were herbivores, others carnivorous. Evidence can suggests that all dinosaurs were egg laying, and that nest building was a trait shared by many dinosaurs both avian and non-avian.

While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal many extinct groups included quadrupedal species, and some were able to shift between these stances. Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armour and spines. While the dinosaur’s modern day surviving avian lineage ( birds ) are generally small due to the constraints of flight many prehistoric dinosaurs ( non-avian and avian ) were large bodied the largest sauropod dinosaurs are estimated  to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters 130 feet and heights of 18 m 59 ft  and were the largest land animals of all time. The misconception that non avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is based in part on preservation bias as large sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized. Many dinosaurs were quite small some measuring about 50 centimetres or 20 inches in length.

The first dinosaur Jurassic Park recognized in the early 19^th century with the name dinosaur meaning terrible lizard being coined by Sir Richard Owen in 1842 to refer to these “great fossil lizards”. Since then mounted fossil dinosaur skeleton have been major attractions at museums worldwide and dinosaurs have become an enduring part of popular culture. The large sizes of some dinosaurs as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature have ensured their regular appearance in best-selling books and films such as Jurassic Park. Persistent public enthusiasm for the animals has resulted in significant funding for dinosaurs’ science and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media.

 

Definition

Under phylogenetic nomenclature, dinosaurs are usually defined as a group which consists of the most recent common ancestor ( MRCA ) of Triceratops and the modern birds ( Neornithes ), and all its descendants. It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined with respect to the MRCA of Megalosaurus and Iguanodon, because these were two of the three genera cited by a person named Richard Owen when he recognized the Dinosauria. Both definitions results in the same set of animals which are defined as dinosaurs: “Dinosauria = Ornithischia + Saurischia”. This definition also includes major groups such as the ankylosaurians (armoured herbivorous quadrupeds), stegosaurians (plated herbivorous quadrupeds), ceratopsians (bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores with neck frills), pachycephalosaurians  (bipedal herbivores with thick skulls), ornithopods (bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores including “duck-bills”), theropods (mostly bipedal carnivores and birds), and sauropodomorphs (mostly large herbivorous quadrupeds with long necks and tails).

Birds are now recognized as being the main sole survivor lineage of theropod dinosaurs. In traditional taxonomy, birds were actually considered as a separate class that had evolved from dinosaurs, a distinct superorder. However, a majority of contemporary palaeontologists concerned with dinosaurs reject the traditional style of classification  in favour of the phylogenetic taxonomy; this approach requires that, for a group to be natural, all of the descendants of the members of the group must be included in the group as well. Then the birds are thus considered to be dinosaurs and dinosaurs are technically, “not extinct”. Birds are classified as belongings to the subgroup Maniraptora, which are coelurosaurs, which are theropods, which are saurischians, which are dinosaurs.

There was a research which was done by Matthew G. Baron, David B. Norman, and also Paul M. Barrett in 2017 they suggested a radical revision of dinosaurian systematics. Phylogenetic analysis by Baron et al. recovered the Ornithischia as being closer to the Theropods than the Sauropodomorphs. They resurrected the clade Ornithoscelida to refer to the group which contains Ornithischia and Theropoda. Dinosauria itself was re-defined as the last common ancestor of one of the dinosaur called Triceratops horridus, Passer domesticus and Diplodocus carneggi, and all of its descendants, to ensure that the sauropods and kin remain included as “ dinosaurs ”.

 

General description

Using one of the above definitions, dinosaurs can be generally described as archosaurs with hind limbs which are held erect beneath the body. Other prehistoric animals, which includes pterosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and Dimetrodon, while often popularly conceived of as dinosaurs, are not taxonomically classified as dinosaurs. Pterosaurs are distantly related to dinosaurs, as being members of the clade Ornithodira. The other groups which are mentioned are, like dinosaurs and pterosaurs, the members of Sauropsida (the reptile and bird    clade ), except Dimetrodon ( which is a synapsid ). None of them had the erect hind limb posture characteristics of a true dinosaur.

 

Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the Mesozoic era especially the kurassic and cretaceous periods other groups of animals were restricted in size and niches mammals for example rarely exceeded the siae of a domestic cat and were generally rodent sized carnivores of small prey they have always been recognized as an extremely varied group of  animals over 900 non avian genera have been identified with certainty as of 2018 and the total number of genera preserved in the fossil record has been estimated at around 1850 nearly 75% of which remain to be discovered and 1124 species by 2016 a 1995 study predicted that about 2 400 dinosaurs genera ever existed including many that would not have been preserved in the fossil record. In 2016 the estimated number of dinosaur species that existed in the mesozic was 1,543 2,468 in 2021, the number of modern day birds. Avian dinosaurs was estimated to be at 10,806 species some are herbivorous others carnivorous including seed eaters fish eaters insectivores and omnivores while dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal as are all modern birds some prehistoric species were quadrupeds and others such as Anchisaurus and iguanodon could walk just as easily on two or four legs cranial modifications like horns and Crests are common dinosaurian traits and some extinct species had bony Armor although known for large size many Mesozoic dinosaurs were human-sized or smaller and modern birds are generally small in size dinosaurs today inhabit every continent and fossils show that they had achieved global distribution by at least the early Jurassic epoch modern birds inhabit most available habitats from terrestrial to marine and there is evidence that some non-avian dinosaurs such as microraptor could fly or at least glide and others such as spinosaurids had semiaquatic habits.

 

Distinguishing anatomical features

While recent discoveries have made it more difficult to present a universally agreed upon list of their distinguishing features, nearly all dinosaurs discovered so far share certain modifications to the ancestral archosaurian skeleton or are clearly descendants of older dinosaurs showing these modifications. Although some later groups of dinosaurs featured further modified versions of these traits they are considered typical for Dinosauria, the earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants. Such modifications earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants such modifications originating in the most recent common ancestor of a certain taxonomic group are called the synapomorphies of such a group.

A detailed assessment of archosaur interrelations by sterling Nesbitt confirmed or found the following twelve unambiguous synapomorphies some previously known:

In the skull a supratemporal fossa excavation is present in front of the supratemporal fenestra the main opening in the rear skull roof

Epiphyses obliquely backward-pointing processes on the rear top corners of the anterior front neck vertebrae behind the atlas and axis the first two neck vertebrae.

Apex of a deltopectoral crest is a projection on which the deltopectoral muscles attach. located at or more than 30% down the length of the humerus upper arm bone

Radius a lower arm bone shorter than 80% of humerus length

Fourth trochanter projection where the caudofemoralis muscle attaches on the inner rear shaft on the femur ( thigh bone ) is a sharp flange

Fourth trochanter asymmetrical with distal lower margin forming a steeper angle to the shaft

On the astragalus and calcaneum upper ankle bones the proximal articular facet the top connecting surface for the fibula occupies less than 30% of the transverse width of the element

Exoccipitals ( bones at the back of the skull ) do not meet along the midline on the floor of the endocranial cavity the inner space of the braincase

In the pelvis, the proximal articular surfaces of the ischium with the ilium and the pubis are separated by a large concave surface ( on the upper side of the ischium a part of the open hip joint is located between the contacts with the pubic bone and the ilium )

Cnemial crest on the tibia ( protruding part of the top surface of the shinbone ) arcs anterolaterally            ( curves to the front and the outer side )

Distinct proximodistally oriented ( vertical ) ridge present on the posterior face of the distal end of ( the tibia the rear surface of the lower end of the shinbone )

Concave articular surface for the fibula of the calcaneum ( the top surface of the calcaneum where it touches the fibula has a hollow profile )

 

Nesbitt found a number of further potential synapomorphies and discounted a number of synapomorphies previously suggested. Some of these are also present in silesaurids, which Nesbitt recovered as a sister group to Dinosauria, including a large anterior trochanter, metatarsals II and IV of subequal length, reduced contact between ischium and pubis, the presence of a Cnemial crest on the tibia and of an ascending process on the astragalus, and many others.

 

A variety of other skeletal features are shared by the dinosaurs. However, because they are either pretty common to the other groups of archosaurs or if they were not presented in the early dinosaur’s time, these features are no considered to be synapomorphies. For example, as diapsids, dinosaurs ancestrally had two pairs of Infratemporal fenestrae ( opening of the skull which is behind the eyes ), and as the members of the diapsid group Archosauria, had additional opening in the snout and the lower jaw. Additionally, several characteristics once thought to be synapomorphies are now known to have appeared before dinosaurs, or they were absent during the earliest dinosaurs and independently evolved by different dinosaur groups. These included an elongated scapula, or shoulder blade; a sacrum composed of three or more fused vertebrae ( three are found in some other archosaurs, but only two are found in Herrerasaurus ); and a perforate acetabulum, or a hip socket, with a hole at the center of its inside surface ( closed in Saturnalia tupiniquim, for example ). Another difficult of determining on which distinctly dinosaurian features is that the early dinosaurs and other archosaurs from the Late Triassic epoch are often poorly known and they were similar in many different ways; these animals have sometimes been misidentified in literature.

Dinosaurs stand with their hind limbs erect in a manner similar to most modern mammals but distinct from most other reptiles whose limbs sprawl out to either side this posture is due to the development of a laterally facing recess in the pelvis usually an open socket and a corresponding inwardly facing distinct head on the femur their erect posture enabled early dinosaurs to breathe easily while moving which likely permitted stamina and activity levels that surpassed those of sprawling reptiles. Erect limbs probably also helped support the evolution of large size by reducing bending stresses on their limbs. Some non-dinosaurian archosaurs, also include rauisuchians, also had a erect limbs but achieved this by a “ pillar erect “ configuration of the hip joint, where instead of having a projection from the femur insert on a socket on the hip, the upper pelvic bone was rotated to form an overhanging shelf.

 

History of study

Pre-scientific history

Dinosaur fossils have been known for millennia although their true nature was not recognized the Chinese considered them to be dragon bones and documented them as such for example huayang guo Zhi a gazetteer compiled by Chang Qu during the Western Jin Dynasty 265-316 reported the discovery of dragon bones at wuheng in Sichuan province villagers in central China have long unearthed fossil zed dragon bones for use in traditional medicines in Europe dinosaur fossils were generally believed to be the remains of giants and other biblical creatures.

 

Early dinosaur research

Scholarly descriptions of what would now be recognized as dinosaur bones which was first appeared  during the late 17^th century located in England. A part of a bone was found and now is known to have been the femur of a Megalosaurus, it was recovered from a limestone quarry at Cornwell near Chipping Norton Oxfordshire in 1676. The fragment was sent to Robert plot, professor of chemistry at the University of Oxford and first curator of the Ashmolean Museum, who published a description in the natural history of Oxford shire ( 1677 ). He soon correctly identified the bone as the lower extremity of the femur of a large animal and recognized that it was too large to belong to any known species. He, therefore, concluded it to be the femur of a huge human, perhaps a Titan or another type of giant featured in the legends. Edward Lhuyd, which is a friend of Sir Isaac Newton, published Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia ( 1699 ), the first scientific treatment of what would now be recognized as a dinosaur when he described and named a sauropod tooth, “ Rutellum impicatum “, that had been found in Caswell, near Witney, Oxfordshire.

Between 1815 and 1824 the re William Buckland the first reader of geology at the University of Oxford collected more fossilized bones of Megalosaurus and became the first person to describe a non-avian dinosaur in a scientific journal the second a non-avian dinosaur genus to be identified as iguanodon was discovered in 1822 by Mary ann mantel the wife of English geologist Gideon matell Gideon mantel recognised similarities between his fossils and the bones of modern iguanas he published his findings in 1825

The study of these “ great fossil lizards “ soon later became a great interest to the Europeans and the American scientists too, and in 1842 the English paleontologist named Sir Richard Owen coined the term “ dinosaur “, using it to refer to the “ distinct tribe or a sub order of the Saurian Reptiles “ that were then being recognized in England and also around the world. The term is derived from Ancient Greek δεινός which means, terrible, potent or fearfully great, and then the words which aren’t in English letters means ( sauros ) or lizard or reptile.

Though the taxonomic name has often bene interpreted as a reference to dinosaurs’ teeth, claws, and other fearsome characteristics, Owen intended it to also evoke their size and majesty. Owen recognized that the remains which had been found so far, are the Iguanodon, Megalosaurus and also the Hylaeosarus, which shared a number of distinctive features, and so decided to present them as a distinct taxonomic group.

Which was clarified by a British geologist and historian Hugh Torrens, Owen had given a presentation about fossil reptiles to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1941, but reports of the time show that Owen did not mention the word “dinosaur”, nor recognize dinosaur as a distinct group of reptiles when he addressed it. He only introduced the Dinosauria in the revised text version of his talk which was published in April 1842. With the backing of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, Owen established the Natural History Museum, London, to display the national collection the dinosaur fossils and also the other biological and geological exhibits.

Discoveries in North America

In 1858 William Parker Foulke discovered the first known American dinosaur in marl pits in the small town of Haddonfield new jersey although fossils had been found before their nature had not been correctly discerned the creature was named Hadrosaurus Foelike lt was an extremely important find hadrosaur was one of the first nearly complete dinosaurs  skeletons found the first was in 1834 in Maidstone England and lt was clearly a bipedal creature this was a revolutionary discovery as until that point most scientists had believed dinosaurs walked on four feet like other lizards Foulke discoveries sparked a wave of interests in dinosaurs in the united states known as dinosaur mania.

Dinosaur mania was exemplified by the fierce rivalry between Edward drinker cope and Othniel Charles Marsh both of whom raced to be the first to find new dinosaurs in what came to be known as the bone wars this fight between the two scientists lasted for over 30 years ending in 1897 when cope died after spending his entire fortune on the dinosaur hunt many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to the pair’s rough methods, for example, their diggers often used dynamite to unearth bones modern paleontologists would find such methods crude and unacceptable since blasting easily destroys fossil and stratigraphic evidence despite their unrefined methods the contributions of cope and marsh to paleontology were vast marsh unearthed 86 new species of dinosaur and cope discovered 56 a total of 142 new species cope collection is now at the American museum of natural history in new York city while marsh’s is at the Peabody Museum of natural history at yale university.

 

“Dinosaur Renaissance” and beyond

World War II caused a pause in palaeontological research after the war research attention was also diverted increasingly to fossil mammals rather than dinosaurs which were seen as sluggish and cold-blooded at the end of 1960  however the field of dinosaur research experienced a surge in activity that remains ongoing several seminal studies led to this activity.

First, john Ostrom discovered the bird-like dromaeosaurid theropod deinonychus and described it in 1969. Its anatomy indicated that it was an active predator that was likely warm-blooded in marked contrast to the then prevailing image of dinosaurs concurrently Robert T Bakker published a series of studies that likewise argued for active lifestyles in dinosaurs based on anatomical and ecological evidence see physiology which was subsequently summarized in his 1886 book the dinosaur heresies.

New Revelation were support by an increase in dinosaur discoveries major new dinosaur discoveries have been made by paleontologists working in previously unexplored regions including India South America Madagascar antarctica and most significantly China across theropods sauropdomorphs and ornithischians the number of named genera began to increase exponentially in the 1990s as of 2008 over 30 new species of dinosaurs were named each year at least sauropodomorphs experience a further increase in the number of named species in the 2010s with an average of 9.3 new species having been named each year between 2009 and 2020 as a consequence more sauropodomorphs were named between 1990 and 2020 than in all previous years combined these new localities also led to improvements in overall specimen quality with new species being increasingly name not on scrappy fossils but on more complete skeletons sometimes from multiple individuals better specimen also led to new species being invalidated less frequency Asian localities have produced the most complete the specimens while north American localities have produced the most complete sauropodomorph specimens.

Prior to the dinosaur, Renaissance dinosaurs were mostly classified using the traditional rack-based system of Linnaean taxonomy the renaissance was also accompanied by the increasingly widespread application of cladistics a more objective method of classification based on ancestry and shared traits which has proved tremendously useful if the study of dinosaur systematics and evolution cladistic analysis among us other techniques help to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record reference books summarizing the state of dinosaur research such as David b Weishampel and colleagues the Dinosauria made knowledge more accessible and spurred further interest in dinosaur research the release of the first and second editions of the Dinosauria in 1990 and 2004 and of a review paper by Paul Sereno in 1998 were accompanied by increases in the number of published phylogenetic trees for dinosaurs.

 

Soft tissue and molecular preservation

Dinosaur fossils are not limited to bones but also include imprints or mineralized remains of skin coverings organs and other tissues. These skin coverings based on keratin proteins are most easily preserved because of their cross-linked hydrophobic molecular structure. Fossils of keratin-based skin coverings or bony skin coverings are known from most major groups of dinosaurs. Dinosaur fossils with scaly skin impressions have been found since the 19^th century.

Samuel Beckles discovered a sauropod forelimb with preserved skin in 1852 that was incorrectly attributed to a crocodile it was correctly attributed by marsh in 1888 and subject to further study by Reginald hooley in 1917. Among ornithischians in 1884 Jacob Wortman found skin impressions on the first known specimen of brontosaurs annectent which were largely destroyed during the specimen excavation. Owen and hooley subsequently described skin impressions of Hypsilophodon and iguanodon in 1885 and 1917. Since than scale impressions have been frequently found among hadrosaurids where the impressions are known from Nealy the entire body across multiple specimens.

 

Starting from the 1990s, major discoveries of exceptionally preserved fossils in deposits known as conservation lagerstatten contributed to research on dinosaur soft tissues. Chiefly among these were the rocks that produced the jehol early cretaceous and tanliao mid to late Jurassic biotas of northeastern China from which hundreds of dinosaur specimens bearing impressions of feather-like structures both closely related to birds and otherwise see § origin of birds have been described y xing xu and colleagues. In living reptiles and mammals pigment storing cellular structures known as melanosomes are partially responsible for producing their coloration.

Both chemical traces of melanin and characteristically shaped melanosomes have been reported from the feathers and the scales of the Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs, including both the theropods and ornithischians. This has enabled multiple full-body reconstructions of dinosaur coloration, such as for the Sinosauropteryx and Psittacosaurus by a person named Jakob Vinther and other colleagues and similar techniques have been extended to dinosaur fossils from other localities. (However, some of the researchers have also suggested that the fossilized melanosomes represent bacterial still remains.) Stomach contents in some Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs are actually closely related to birds and have also provided indirect indications of diet and digestive system anatomy (for example: crops). More concrete evidence of internal anatomy has been reported in Scipionyx from the Pietraoja Plattenkalk of Italy. It preserves portions of the intestines, colon, liver, muscles, and windpipe.